Tag Archives: molecule

A Fine Aerosol Diagram

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New results from the Cassini spacecraft reveal the chain of events (so to speak) that leads to the formation of complex aerosols in its atmosphere. Aside from the spiffy science, the NASA announcement includes the very nice diagram pictured above.

What I like about the graphic is that it tells the story very plainly and simply, yet with considerable detail and substantial visual interest: nice little PAHs and aerosols, decent image of Titan’s surface, Saturn in the background (tilted too much with respect to the ring plane, but that’s nothing new), and so on. It even includes altitude info on the right-hand side clearly indicating where specific processes take place. All in all, a lot of info packed into a single image.

And anther detail. I’m already on record as not being a fan of lens flares in the fulldome environment, and in general, I seem them as kind of cheesy. But this might be the first time I’ve seen a lens flare used as a didactic element, suggesting the flow of photons from the Sun. Nice touch!

The only thing that gives me pause is the depiction of “energetic particles” as little arrows pointing away from Saturn. The particles are trapped in Saturn’s magnetic field, so they aren’t really shooting out of the planet in straight lines, which makes that depiction a little deceptive. But then, the only real solution would be to depict Saturn’s magnetic field with particles streaming from it, and that might be a little cumbersome. So I suppose I can forgive the diagrammatic shorthand.

Another more mundane quibble. The NASA webpage for the diagram include links to smaller versions at 1600×1200, 1028×768, and 800×600, but those are all windowboxed versions of the (obviously portrait, not landscape) diagram. Thus, the only version of above image that you can download at its original aspect ratio is the full-resolution version: a whopping 2000×2776 pixels! Not the greatest for, say, linking to blog entries.

Anyway, nice work, Cassinifolk! I like the diagram. And the story it tells…

Tinkering with Polyhedra

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Another terribly brief report from the Gordon Conference on Visualization. The chemistry bias comes to the fore again, with this spiffy look at polyhedral models of molecular structures. This is just one of several types of molecular model kicking around, but in the words of the supporting web documentation… “The polyhedral model, where a cation surrounded by its anions is represented by a single polyhedron, is useful for visualizing how structural components fit together. Only atoms belonging to complete polyhedra are shown.”

Hmm, well, maybe, two things won me over: first, there’s a model kit (that uses pompoms), but that’s complemented by a webpage full of links to virtual interactive structures (e.g., sodium chloride, as above).

I’ve been thinking a fair bit about these kind of complementary experiences lately (not just because of the conference). Being able to manipulate a physical model, tinker around, and assemble things with your hands stimulates the brain in one way; fiddling with an electronic model, tinkering around, and assembling things with your mind’s eye stimulates it in another. Taken together, the experiences can be powerfully reinforcing.

Just a thought, anyway.

Oh, and I like the way you can make the polyhedral surfaces partially transparent in the interactive, virtual version.

Biochemical Art

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I’m attending the Gordon Conference on Visualization in Science and Education, and this morning, we had a chance to hear (and see) David Goodsell from the Scripps Institute. Goodsell complements his research work with significant and influential dabbling in artwork. Above, you can see an image of blood serum taken from a collection of images he created for Biosite. His website describes the image as follows:

“Blood serum is shown in the picture, with many Y-shaped antibodies, large circular low density lipoproteins, and lots of small albumin molecules. The large fibrous structure at lower left is von Willebrand factor and the long molecules in red are fibrinogen, both of which are involved in blood clotting. The blue object is poliovirus.”

Goodsell preserves the shapes and relative sizes of the molecules while flattening the typical three-dimensional representations of molecules. He also represents the structures in cross section, using orthographic rendering to allow depicting large areas (large, that is, relative to the size of the molecules).

All of Goodsell’s images make good use of color, and I find the above image a particularly striking example. The poliovirus sticks out like a sore thumb (attractively composed asymmetrically within the frame), as of course it should. And it’s exceedingly pleasant to see depictions of molecules freed from the garish pseudocolor rainbow that seems to dominate the medium. Goodsell’s galleries include many more examples…

Evidently, Goodsell is also responsible for the “Molecule of the Month” at the RCSB Protein Data Bank (PDB). I haven’t taken a close look yet, but I plan to!

BTW, my home institution just started including me in a new category for the “Science in Action” podcast. Take a listen! I’ll have two more podcasts this week, mostly talking about the conference.

Scrunch-o-rama

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Studies announced this week by UCLA and Rutgers researchers (and reported in Science magazine) reveal clues as to the process by which DNA is transcribed into RNA. (As with any of my commentary on biological stuff, the following comes with a caveat: I’m interpreting the article as best I can as a non-specialist, so if anyone out there knows better, please comment accordingly.)

The basic question: how do cells turn DNA instructions into RNA messengers? Biochemist types would like to understand this process at the molecular level, so they tagged the molecules involved with fluorescent compounds and watched to see how they jiggled around during the transcription process. Fluorescent Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) yields information about changes in distance between the two fluorescent markers, so researchers could tell how the molecules changed shape. Three models had been proposed, but only the model that involved “scrunching” of the DNA predicted the changes observed.

Executive summary: we understand the mechanics of DNA transcription better than before.

What I find intriguing about the image above (which comes from the UCLA press release) is the combination of visual language used to describe the molecules. I always find this intriguing, probably because it’s a visual language in which I am not fluent! Three molecules show up as surfaces—the pink and orange strands of DNA and the blue RNA polymerase (RNAP)—while everything else is shown as a stick models—including the three fluorescent tags (in red, yellow, and green) used to measure the &mdquo;scrunching” of the molecules. It makes sense ’cuz you want to show what’s going on inside the complex RNAP structure in which the transcription takes place. I have to say, though, that I find the dotted arrows visually confusing, and it seems like a little more elegant Photoshop work would make the image a little easier on the retina.

Also, it’d be lovely to have a way of visualizing data like this in 3-D. How spiffy would it be to have a virtual model distributed with the press release? There must be some keen software out there for looking at this stuff, but my half-hearted searches have revealed very little: the Chemis3D applet and Java3D Molecular Visualization System are all I could track down, so if you know of other software (especially freeware, of course), please comment! I want my molecules in 3-D.

(I’m biased, of course. My work with the Hayden Planetarium Digital Universe and space show production has convinced me that the more 3-D we can make scientific results, the better.)

Also, the combination of pink and orange makes me wonder if the researchers are fans of the Pet Shop Boys. Or are these colors standard?